Welcome to Environmental Finance's White Papers section. This is an in-depth resource offering research, analysis and studies covering all aspects of environmental markets, responsible investment and environmental risk management.

As a result of the ongoing legal challenges to the inclusion of airlines in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) we understand that many airlines are ill prepared for their inclusion in this scheme, as they have (understandably) been hoping the challenges will be successful.

The 2011 Prince’s Mayday Network annual report highlights the progress that companies across the UK are making towards managing and reporting on their environmental impacts.

A special report from Environmental Finance, published in association with the Carbon Disclosure Project, on business, investment and the CDP.

A comparative multi-jurisdictional legal guide to environmental law

UK cities are at a crossroads in their development as they come under pressure to grow in a sustainable way and use resources more efficiently.

Published in association with the Forest Footprint Disclosure project, this special report examines investment, transparency and corporate efforts to tackle deforestation.

This report presents a strategy for scaling adaptation to climate change impacts within urban areas. It approaches the adaptation challenge within the overall context of other pressing risks and development challenges confronting the world’s urban regions.

Eurosif’s Aerospace & Defence report is 13th in a series of reports examining environmental, social and governance (ESG) challenges across various industry sectors, and the associated risks and opportunities these pose for long‑term returns.

Airlines worldwide are bracing themselves for the start, in 2012, of a new phase of Europe's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions trading scheme (the EU ETS). Besides curbing the industry's projected growth in emissions, the scheme will likely increase costs. Furthermore, in Standard & Poor's Ratings Services opinion, these costs could, if not passed through to passengers or mitigated in other ways, impact the carriers' credit quality over time.

Standard & Poor’s and WRI examine how potential U.S. climate change policy scenarios could have credit implications for the U.S. chemicals manufacturing industry. In both Standard & Poor’s and WRI’s view, their respective findings indicate that environmental policy issues could play a role in the evaluation of credit quality.

It’s generally accepted that there is an urgent need for large-scale financing to allow developing countries to mitigate and adapt to climate change. However, there is a yawning gap between the current level of climate change finance (approximately $8 billion per year) and even the conservative estimates by the World Bank for the amount required by developing countries ($90 billion-$210 billion; see footnote 1 at the end of this article).

PwC's climate change team examine the thorny issues around valuing carbon assets on company balance sheets after 2012, in the face of considerable policy uncertainty.